Resources

Breast Cancer

  • European Commission. Breast cancer burden in EU-27.
  • European Commission. European Cancer Information System.
  •  Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for International Agency for Research on Cancer. Latest global cancer data: Cancer burden rises to 19.3 million new cases and 10.0 million cancer deaths in 2020. Press release 292. 15 December 2020.
  • Research on Cancer. Statistics for Europe are based on WHO Europe region of 53 countries. Data for Andorra, Monaco and San Marino are not included

Genetic and Genomic Testing

Screening and Early Detection

Breast Cancer Treatment

Research and Clinical Trials

European Parliament

European Commission

Partnership with other organisations

Prevention and Breast Health

Primary Prevention & Breast Health

  • Allen NE, Beral V, Casabonne D, et al. Moderate alcohol intake and cancer incidence in Women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009;101(5):296-305.
  • Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E, et al. Light alcohol drinking and cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 2012;24(2):301- 8. 2008.
  • Boyle, P., Levin, B. (eds.). World Health Organisation. International Agency for Research on Cancer. World Cancer Report 2008.
  • Buja A, Pierbon M, Lago L, et al. Breast Cancer Primary Prevention and Diet: An Umbrella Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Jul 1;17(13):4731.
  • Charlton BM, Rich-Edwards JW, et al. Oral contraceptive use and mortality after 36 years of follow-up in the Nurses’ Health Study: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2014; 349:g6356.
  • Chlebowski RT. Nutrition and physical activity influence on breast cancer incidence and outcome. The Breast 2013; 22 Suppl 2:S30-37.
  • Chong F, Wang Y, Song M, et al. Sedentary behavior and risk of breast cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis from prospective studies. Breast Cancer. 2021 Jan;28(1):48-59.
  • Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer – collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58 515 women with breast cancer and 95 067 women without the disease. Br J Cancer 2002;87(11):1234-45.
  • Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Type and timing of menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis of the worldwide epidemiological evidence. Lancet 2019;394:1159-1168.
  • Fiolet T, Srour B, Sellem L, et al. Consumption of ultra-processed foods and cancer risk: results from NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort. BMJ. 2018;360:k322.
  • Gaudet MM, Carter BD, Brinton LA, et al. Pooled analysis of active cigarette smoking and invasive breast cancer risk in 14 cohort studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46:881-93.
  • Harris HR, Willett WC, Terry KL, et al. Body fat distribution and risk of premenopausal breast cancer in the Nurses’ Health Study II. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011;103(3):273-278.
  • Key J, Hodgson S, Omar R, et al. Meta- analysis of studies of alcohol and breast cancer with consideration of the methodological issues. Cancer Cause Control 2006;17(6):759-70.
  • Kossman DA, Williams NI, Domchek SM, et al. Exercise lowers estrogen and progesterone levels in premenopausal women at high risk of breast cancer. J Appl Physiol 2011;111(6):1687-93.
  • Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, et al.; International Agency for Research on Cancer Handbook Working Group. Body Fatness and Cancer–Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(8):794-798.
  • Lee J, Lee J, Lee DW, et al. Sedentary work and breast cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Occup Health. 2021;63(1):e12239.
  • Matta M, Huybrechts I, Biessy C, et al. Dietary intake of trans fatty acids and breast cancer risk in 9 European countries. BMC Med. 2021;19(1):81.
  • Neuhouser ML, Aragaki AK, Prentice RL, et al. Overweight, obesity, and postmenopausal invasive breast cancer risk. a secondary analysis of the Women’s Health Initiative randomized clinical trials.” JAMA Oncol. 2015;1(5):611-621.
  • Poggio F, Del Mastro L, Bruzzone M, et al. Safety of systemic hormone replacement therapy in breast cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2022;191:269-275.
  • Reeves GK, Pirie K, Beral V, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the Million Women Study: cohort study. Bull D BMJ 2007;335:1134.
  • Schmitz KH, Williams NI, Kontos D, et al. Dose–response effects of aerobic exercise on estrogen among women at high risk for breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015;154:309-318.
  • Wild CP, Weiderpass E, Stewart BW (eds.). World Cancer Report: Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention. World Health Organization, Geneva 2020.
  • Women’s Health Initiative Study.
  • World Health Organization. Alcohol and cancer in the WHO European Region: an appeal for better prevention. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2020.

Preventing recurrence

  • Ballard-Barbash R, Friedenreich CM, Cournva KS et al. Physical activity biomarker and disease outcomes in cancer survivors: a systematic review. J Nat Cancer Institute 2012;104:815-840.
  • Boing L, Vieira MCS, Moratelli J, et al. Effects of exercise on physical outcomes of breast cancer survivors receiving hormone therapy – A systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas. 2020;141:71-81.
  • Cannioto RA, Hutson A, Dighe S, et al. Physical activity before, during, and after chemotherapy for high-risk breast cancer: relationships with survival. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2021;113(1):54-63.
  • Chlebowski RT. Nutrition and physical activity influence on breast cancer incidence and outcome. The Breast 2013; 22 Suppl 2:S30-37.
  • Coates S, Winer EP, Goldhirsch A, et al. Tailoring therapies – improving the management of early breast cancer: St Gallen International Expert Consensus on the Primary Therapy of Early Breast Cancer 2015. Ann Oncol (2015) 26 (8): 1533-1546 first published online May 4, 2015.
  • Irwin ML, McTiernan A, Manson JE, et al. Physical activity and survival in postmenopausal women with breast cancer: results from the Women’s Health Initiative. Cancer Prevention Res (Philadelphia, Pa). 2011;4(4):522-529.
  • Lee K, Kruper L, Dieli-Conwright CM, et al. The impact of obesity on breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. Curr Oncol Rep. 2019;21(5):41.
  • Protani M, Coory M, Martin JH, Effect of obesity on survival of women with breast cancer: systematic review and analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;123(3):627-35.

Facts about lifestyle and breast cancer

  • Allen NE, Beral V, Casabonne D, et al. Moderate alcohol intake and cancer incidence in Women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009;101(5):296-305.
  • Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E, et al. Light alcohol drinking and cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 2012;24(2):301- 8. 2008.
  • Boyle, P., Levin, B. (eds.). World Health Organisation. International Agency for Research on Cancer. World Cancer Report 2008.
  • Buja A, Pierbon M, Lago L, et al. Breast Cancer Primary Prevention and Diet: An Umbrella Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Jul 1;17(13):4731.
  • Charlton BM, Rich-Edwards JW, et al. Oral contraceptive use and mortality after 36 years of follow-up in the Nurses’ Health Study: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2014; 349:g6356
  • Chlebowski RT. Nutrition and physical activity influence on breast cancer incidence and outcome. The Breast 2013; 22 Suppl 2:S30-37.
  • Chong F, Wang Y, Song M, et al. Sedentary behavior and risk of breast cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis from prospective studies. Breast Cancer. 2021 Jan;28(1):48-59.
  • Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer – collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58 515 women with breast cancer and 95 067 women without the disease. Br J Cancer 2002;87(11):1234-45.
  • Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Type and timing of menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis of the worldwide epidemiological evidence. Lancet 2019;394:1159-1168.
  • Fiolet T, Srour B, Sellem L, et al. Consumption of ultra-processed foods and cancer risk: results from NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort. BMJ. 2018;360:k322.
  • Gaudet MM, Carter BD, Brinton LA, et al. Pooled analysis of active cigarette smoking and invasive breast cancer risk in 14 cohort studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46:881-93.
  • Harris HR, Willett WC, Terry KL, et al. Body fat distribution and risk of premenopausal breast cancer in the Nurses’ Health Study II. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011;103(3):273-278.
  • Key J, Hodgson S, Omar R, et al. Meta- analysis of studies of alcohol and breast cancer with consideration of the methodological issues. Cancer Cause Control 2006;17(6):759-70.
  • Kossman DA, Williams NI, Domchek SM, et al. Exercise lowers estrogen and progesterone levels in premenopausal women at high risk of breast cancer. J Appl Physiol 2011;111(6):1687-93.
  • Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, et al.; International Agency for Research on Cancer Handbook Working Group. Body Fatness and Cancer–Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(8):794-798.
  • Lee J, Lee J, Lee DW, et al. Sedentary work and breast cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Occup Health. 2021;63(1):e12239.
  • Matta M, Huybrechts I, Biessy C, et al. Dietary intake of trans fatty acids and breast cancer risk in 9 European countries. BMC Med. 2021;19(1):81.
  • Neuhouser ML, Aragaki AK, Prentice RL, et al. Overweight, obesity, and postmenopausal invasive breast cancer risk. a secondary analysis of the Women’s Health Initiative randomized clinical trials.” JAMA Oncol. 2015;1(5):611-621.
  • Poggio F, Del Mastro L, Bruzzone M, et al. Safety of systemic hormone replacement therapy in breast cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2022;191:269-275.
  • Reeves GK, Pirie K, Beral V, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the Million Women Study: cohort study. Bull D BMJ 2007;335:1134.
  • Schmitz KH, Williams NI, Kontos D, et al. Dose–response effects of aerobic exercise on estrogen among women at high risk for breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015;154:309-318.
  • Wild CP, Weiderpass E, Stewart BW (eds.). World Cancer Report: Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention. World Health Organization, Geneva 2020.
  • Women’s Health Initiative Study.
  • World Health Organization. Alcohol and cancer in the WHO European Region: an appeal for better prevention. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2020.

Metastatic Breast Cancer – Statistics/Guidelines

  • International Agency for Research on Cancer. Latest global cancer data: Cancer burden rises to 19.3 million new cases and 10.0 million cancer deaths in 2020. Press release 292. 15 December 2020.
  • F. Cardoso, N. Harbeck, L. Fallowfield, S. Kyriakides, E. Senkus, and on behalf of the ESMO Guidelines Working Group
  • O’Shaghnessy, J. (2005). Extending survival with chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer. The Oncologist, 10(20), 20-29

Challenges for MBC

MBC Advocacy Organisations and Organisations with MBC Programmes